11. DOSHADI VIJNANIYA ADHYAYA – दोषादि विज्ञानीयं - Knowledge of doshas
CHIEF CONSTITUENTS OF THE BODY :- DEHASYA MULAM –
दोषधातुमला मूलं सदा देहस्य
1. dosha
– vata, pitta and kapha
2. dhatu – body tissues –
i. rasa (lymph / product of digestion),
ii. rakta (blood),
iii. mamsa (muscle),
iv. meda (fat),
v. asthi (bone),
vi. majja (bone marrow) and
vii. shukra (male and female reproductory secretions)
3. mala – waste products –
i. sweat,
ii. urine and
iii. faeces
· Doshas, are the roots of the body.
FUNCTIONS OF NORMAL DOSHAS – PRAKRUTA DOSA KARMA –
1.VATA DOSHA KARMA
तं चलः
उत्साहोच्छ्वास निश्वास चेष्टावेगप्रवर्तनैः
सम्यग्गत्या च धातूनां अक्षाणां पाटवेन च
अनुगृह्णाति अविकृतः
Functions of vata dosha -
vata is responsible for
1. All movements (movement of blood in blood vessels, movement of nutrients, movement of air in lungs, locomotion movements of hands and legs etc.)
2. In its normal state vata causes
a. enthusiasm,
b. regulates respiration process,
c. regulates all locomotor movements,
d. regulates all activities of mind,
e. speech,
f. initiation of natural urges (tears, faeces, urination, sneezing, coughing, vomiting yawning etc)
g. maintenance of the dhatus (tissues) in their normalcy and
h. proper functioning of the sense organs.
PITTA DOSHA KARMA functions of pitta dosha –
पित्तं पक्त्यूष्मदर्शनैः
क्षुत्तृड् रुचिप्रभामेधाधीशौर्यतनुमार्दवैः
In its normal state pitta causes
a. digestion and metabolism
b. maintenance of body temperature,
c. vision,
d. causes hunger, thirst, appetite,
e. maintains skin complexion,
f. intelligence,
g. courage,
h. valour, and
i. softness (suppleness) of the body.
FUNCTIONS OF KAPHA DOSHA –
श्लेष्मा स्थिरत्वस्निग्धत्वसन्धिबन्धक्षमादिभिः
kapha confers
a. stability,
b. lubrication,
c. compactness (firmness) of the joints,
d. kshama – it is the cause for mental capacity to withstand or withhold emotions, strains etc.
e. it is also cause for forgiveness
FUNCTIONS OF BODY TISSUES AND WASTE PRODUCTS – PRAKRITA DHATU MALA KARMA –
प्रीणनं जीवनं लेपः स्नेहो धारणपूरणे
गर्भोत्पादश्च धातूनां श्रेष्ठं कर्म क्रमात् स्मृतम्
Functions of body tissues -
1. rasa dhatu (product of digestion and metabolism)
· provides nourishment
2. rakta (blood)
· maintenance of life activities,
3. mamsa (muscle) – enveloping (covering) –
· it covers around bones and enables voluntary and involuntary actions
4. meda (fat) –
· lubrication,
5. asthi (bones) –
· support, forms the framework of the body
6. majja (bone marrow) –
· filling the inside of the bones and
7. shukra (male and female reproduction system)-
· conception and pregnancy
FUNCTIONS OF WASTE PRODUCTS -
अवष्टम्भः पुरीषस्य, मूत्रस्य क्लेदवाहनम्
स्वेदस्य क्लेदविधृतिः
1. maintenance of strength of the body is the chief function of faeces;
2. elimination of moisture (water) is of urine, and
3. slow elimination of moisture is of the sweat.
EFFECTS OF INCREASED DOSHAS – VRIDDHA DOSHA KARMA:-
1. EFFECTS OF INCREASED VATA –
वृद्धस्तु कुरुते अनिलः
कार्श्यकार्ष्ण्यउष्नकामित्वकम्पानाह्शकृत्ग्रहान्
बलनिद्रेन्द्रियभ्रंशप्रलापभ्रमदीनताः
Vata, when increased produces
1. karshya – emaciation,
2. karshnya – black discoloration,
3. ushnakamitva – desire for hot things,
4. kampa – tremors
5. anaha – bloating, fullness, distention of the abdomen,
6. shakrut graha – constipation,
7. bala bhramsha – loss of strength,
8. nidra bhramsha – loss of sleep
9. indriya bhramsha – loss of sensory functions,
10. pralapa – irrelevant speech,
11. bhrama – delusion, dizziness giddiness
12. deenata – timidity (peevishness).
2. EFFECTS OF INCREASE OF PITTA
पीतविण्मूत्रनेत्रत्वक्क्षुत्तृड्दाहाल्पनिद्रताः
पित्तम्
Pitta when increased produces
1. yellow discoloration of the faeces, urine, eyes, and skin;
2. excess of hunger and thirst,
3. feeling of burning sensation and
4. very little sleep.
3.EFFECTS OF INCREASED OF KAPHA
Kapha, when increased produces
श्लेष्मा अग्निसदनप्रसेकालस्यगौरवम्
श्वैत्यशैत्यशलथाङ्गत्वं श्वासकासातिनिद्रताः
1. agnisadana – weak digestive activity,
2. praseka – excess salivation,
3. alasya – lassitude, laziness
4. gaurava – feeling of heaviness,
5. shvaithya – white discoloration,
6. shaithya – coldness,
7. shlathangatva – looseness of the body parts,
8. shwasa – dyspnoea, asthma, copd
9. kasa – cough, cold
10. atinidrata – excess of sleep.
EFFECTS OF INCREASED BODY TISSUES – VRIDDHA DHATU KARMA:-
रसो अपि श्लेष्मवत्
रक्तं विसर्पप्लीहविद्रधीन्
कुष्ठवातास्रपित्तास्रगुल्मोपकुशकामलाः
व्यङ्गाग्निनाशसम्मोहरक्तत्वङ्नेत्रमूत्रताः
मांसं गण्डार्बुदग्रन्थिगण्डोरुदरवृद्धिताः
कण्ठादिषु अधिमांसं च
तद्वन्मेदस्तथा श्रमम्
अल्पे अपि चेष्टिते श्वासं स्फिक्स्तनोदरलम्बनम्
अस्थ्यध्यसथ्यधिदन्तांश्च
मज्जा नेत्राङ्गगौरवम्
पर्वसु स्थूलमूलानि कुर्यात्कृच्छ्राणि अरूंषि च
अतिस्त्रीकामतां वृद्धं शुक्रं शुक्रमश्मरी अपि
1. Rasa when increased in similar to kapha, produces the same symptoms of increased kapha;
2. rakta (blood) when increased produces
· visarpa – herpes, spreading skin disease,
· pleeha – diseases of the spleen,
· vidradhi – abscesses,
· kushta – skin diseases
· vatasra – gout
· pittasra - bleeding disease,
· gulma – abdominal tumors,
· upakusa – a disease of the teeth,
· kamala – jaundice,
· vyanga – discoloured patch on the face,
· agninasha – loss of digestion strength
· sammoha – coma, unconsciousness,
· red discoloration of the skin, eyes, and urine.
3. mamsa (muscle tissue), when increased produces
· ganda – cervical lymphadenitis
· granthi – tumor,
· increase in size of the cheeks, thighs, and abdomen,
· over growth of muscles of the neck and other places
4. medas (fat tissue), when produces similar symptoms and in addition, it causes
· fatigue,
· difficulty in breathing even after little work,
· drooping of the buttocks, breasts and abdomen.
5. asthi (bone tissues), when increased
· causes overgrowth of bones and extra teeth.
6. majja (marrow), when increased produces
· heaviness of the eyes and the body,
· increase of size of the body joints and
· causes ulcers which are difficult to cure.
7. shukra (semen) when increased produces
· great desire for the woman (sexual desire) and
· seminal calculi (spermolith).
EFFECTS OF INCREASED WASTE PRODUCTS – VRIDDHA MALA KARMA –
कुक्षावाध्मानं आटोपं गौरवं वेदनां शकृत्
मूत्रं तु बस्तिनिस्तोदं कृते अप्यकृतसंज्ञताम्
स्वेदो अतिस्वेद दौर्गन्ध्य कण्डूः
1. shakrit (feaces), when increased causes
· distension of abdomen,
· gurgling noise and
· feeling of heaviness.
2. mutra (urine), when increased produces
· severe pain in the bladder and
· feeling of non-elimination even after elimination
3. sweda (sweat) when increased produces
· excess of perspiration,
· foul smell and
· itching.
एवं च लक्षयेत्
दूषिकादीनपि मलान् बाहुल्यगुरुतादिभिः
The increase of dushika (excretion of the eyes) and other waste products are to be understood by noting their
· increased quantity,
· heaviness (of their sites) and
· such other symptoms.
FUNCTIONS DECREASED DOSHAS – KSHEENA DOSHAKARMA –
लिङ्गं क्षीणे अनिले अङ्गस्य सदो अल्प भाषिते हितम्
संज्ञामोहस्तथा श्लेष्मवृद्ध्युक्तामाशायसम्भवः
Decreased vata produces symptoms like –
a. angasada – debility of the body,
b. alpa bhashite hitam – the person speaks very little
c. samjna moha – loss of sensation (awareness) and of consciousness and
d. occurrence of all the symptoms of increased kapha.
DECREASED PITTA causes
पित्ते मन्दो अनलः शीतं प्रभाहानिः
a. mande anala – weakness of digestive activity,
b. shaitya – coldness and
c. prabha hani – loss of luster (complexion).
Decrease of kapha causes
कफे भ्रमः
श्लेष्माशयानां शून्यत्वं हृद्द्रवः शलथसन्धिता
a. bhrama – delusion, dizziness,
b. shunyatva – emptiness of the organs of kapha,
c. hrudrava – tremors of the heart (palpitation) and
d. shlatha sandhita – looseness of the joints.
SYMPTOMS OF DECREASE OF DHATU (BODY TISSUES) –
रसे रौक्ष्यं श्रमः शोषो ग्लानिः शब्दासहिष्णुता
रक्तेअम्लशिशिरप्रीतिशिराशैथिल्यरूक्ष्ताः
मांसे अक्षग्लानिगण्डस्फिक्शुष्कतासंधिवेदनाः
मेदसि स्वप्नं कट्याःप्लीहो वृद्धिः कृशाङ्गता
अथ्न्यस्थितोदः सदनं दन्तकेशनखादिषु
अस्थ्नां मज्जनि सौषिर्य भ्रमः तिमिरदर्शनम्
शुक्रे चिरात् प्रसिच्येत शुक्रं शोनितमेव वा
तोदो अत्यर्थ वृषणयोर्मेढ्रम् धूमायतीव च
1. Decrease of rasa dhatu produces
· dryness,
· fatigue,
· emaciation,
· exhaustion without any work and
· noise intolerance.
2. Decrease of rakta produces
· desire for sour and cold things,
· loss of tension of veins (and arteries) and
· dryness.
3. Decrease of mamsa causes
· debility of the sense organs,
· emaciation of cheeks, buttocks and
· pain in the joints.
4. Decrease of medas causes
· loss of sensation in the waist,
· enlargement of spleen and
· emaciation of the body.
5. Decrease of asthi causes
· pain in the joints,
· falling off of the teeth, hairs, nails etc.
6. Decrease of majja causes
· hollowness of the bones inside)
· giddiness and
· seeing of darkness / blindness
7. Decrease of shukra results in
· delay in ejaculation,
· ejaculation accompanied with bleeding,
· severe pain in the testicles and
· a feeling of hot fumes coming out of the urethra
SYMPTOMS OF DECREASED WASTE PRODUCTS –
पुरीषे वायुरन्त्राणि सशब्दो वेष्टयन्निव
कुक्षौ भ्रमति यात्यूर्ध्वं हृत्पार्श्वे पीडयन् भृशम्
मूत्रे अल्पं मूत्रयेत्कृच्छ्रात् विवर्ण साम्रमेव वा
स्वेदे रोमच्युतिः स्तब्धरोमता स्फुटनं त्वचः
मलानामति सूक्ष्माणां दुर्लक्ष्यं लक्षयेत् क्षयम्
स्वमलायनसंशोषतोदशून्यत्वलाघवैः
1. Decrease of faeces gives rise to
· gurgling noise in the intestines and bloating,
· vata moves in upward direction in the intestine
· causing discomfort and pain in the region of the heart and flanks.
2. Decrease of urine causes
· scanty urination,
· dysuria,
· urine discoloration or hematuria.
3. Decrease of sweat leads to
· falling of hair,
· stiffness of hair and
· cracking of the skin.
Decrease of malas which are of little quantity is difficult to perceive,
it should be inferred from the
· dryness,
· pricking pain,
· emptiness and
· tightness of their sites of production and elimination.
दोषादीनां यथास्वं च विद्याद् वृद्धिक्षयौ भिषक्
क्षयेण विपरीतानां गुणानां वर्धनेन च
वृद्धिं मलानां सङ्गाच्च क्षयं चाति विसर्गतः
a. The decrease of dosha dhatu etc can be observed by the increase of opposite qualities.
b. The increase of dosha dhatu etc can be observed by the increase of similar qualities.
c. The increase of malas is observed by their non-elimination (too much of waste product accumulation leading to obstruction) and
d. their decrease by too much of elimination in little quantities.
मलोचितत्वात् देहस्य क्षयो वृद्धिस्तु पीडनः
Body being accustomed to accumulation of waste products (in intestines and bladder) , the decrease of waste product formation is more troublesome than their increase.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DOSHA AND DHATU
तत्रास्थानि स्थितो वायुः, पित्तं तु स्वेदरक्तयोः
श्लेष्मा शेषेषु, तेनैषां आश्रया आश्रयिणां मिथः
येदकस्य तदन्यस्य वर्धनक्षपणौषधम्
अस्थि मारुतयोः नैवं
1. vata resides in asthi (bones)
2. pitta resides in sweda (sweat) and rakta (blood)
3. kapha resides in rest of the dhatu and mala.
4. in case of pitta and kapha, when there is an increase of pitta or kapha, there is also respective increase of tissues and waste products associated with them.
· For example, if pitta increases, then sweat and blood vitiation also increases. the same rule applies to decrease as well.
5. But in case of vata,
· if vata decreases, then asthi increases. they are inverse proportionately related with each other.
CAUSE FOR INCREASE OR DECREASE OF DOSHA
प्रायो वृद्धिर्हि तर्पणात्
शलेष्मणा अनुगता तस्मात् सङ्क्षयः तद्विपर्ययात्
वायुना अनुगतो तस्माच्च वृद्धिक्षय समुद्भवान्
विकारान् साधयेत् शीघ्रं क्रमात् लङ्घनबृंहणैः
वायोन्यत्र, तज्जांस्तु तैरेव उत्क्रमयोजितैः
· The increase of doshas, dhatus and mala is usually due to excess nutrition (tarpana), which is followed later on with increase of kapha.
· whereas the decrease of doshas, dhatus and malas is due to loss of nutrition which is followed, later with increase of vayu (vata).
a. hence, the diseases arising from increase of dosha and dhatu should be usually treated quick by adopting langhana (therapy causing thinning of the body, reducing the quantity)
b. The diseases arising from the decrease of dosha and dhatu should be treated with brimhana therapy (causing stoutening the body, increasing the quantity etc.)
· but in case of vata, the order is reverse.
· if vata is increased, then brihmana therapy (nourishing therapy) should be adopted and
· if vata decreases then langhana therapy should be adopted.
विशेषाद्रक्तवृद्ध्युथान् रक्तस्रुतिविरेचनैः
मांसवृद्धिभवान् रोगान् शस्त्रक्षाराग्निकर्मभिः
स्थौल्यकार्श्योपचारेण मेदोजानस्थिसङ्घ्यात्
जातान्क्षीरघृतैस्तिक्तसंयुतैर्बस्तिभिस्तथा
विड्वृद्धिजानतीसारक्रियया, विट्क्षयोद्भवान्
मेषाजमध्यकुल्माषयवमाषद्वयादिभिः
मूत्रवृद्धिक्षयोत्थांश्च मेहकृच्छ्रचिकित्सया
व्यायामाभ्यञ्जनस्वेदमध्यैः स्वेदक्षयोद्भवान्
In particular the disease arising from
1. Increase of rakta should be treated with
a. blood letting and
b. Purgations
2. Increase of mamsa by use of
a. sharp instruments (surgery) ,
b. caustic alkalies and
c. fire cautery
3. Increase of medas by therapies indicated for obesity
and decrease by therapies indicated for emaciation
4. Decrease of asthi by enema therapy using
a. milk ,
b. ghee and
c. bitter drugs
5. Increase of vit / feces by the use of
a. abdominal viscera of ram or goat,
b. half steamed pulses,
c. barley and
d. the 2 varieties of masha etc. as food
6. Increase and decrease of mutra / urine
7. By adopting treatments indicated for diabetes and dysuria respectively
8. Decrease of sveda / sweat by adopting
a. physical exercises,
b. oil bath,
c. sudation therapies and
d. use of wine
KAYAGNI
स्वस्थानस्थस्य कायाग्नेरंशा धातुषु संश्रिताः
तेषां सादातिदीप्तिभ्यां धातुवृद्धिक्षयोद्भवः
पूर्वो धातुः परं कुर्याद्वृद्धः क्षीणश्च तद्विधम्
Kayagni
· present in its own place,
· has portions of itself,
· present in the dhatus also.
· Their decrease in qualities, quantities or functions give rise to increase and decrease of dhatus respectively.
· The proceeding dhatu which is either increased or decreased gives rise to the succeeding dhatu of the same condition.
EFFECTS/ FUNCTIONS OF VITIATED DOSHAS – DUSTA DOSHA KARMA –
दोषा दुष्टा रसैर्धातूनन् दूषयन्ति उभये मलान्
अधो द्वे , सप्त शिरसि, खानि स्वेदवहानि च
मला मलायनानि स्युर्यथास्वं तेष्वतो गदाः
· The doshas which are vitiated [become abnormal undergoing either increase or decrease] cause vitiation of the rasa and other dhatus (tissues) next;
· Both doshas and dhatus together vitiate the malas (waste products) which in turn,
· vitiate the malayanas (channels of their elimination).
MALAYANA – routes of elimination of waste products are –
1. two below – anus and urethra,
2. seven in the head, and
3. the channels of sweat; from these vitiated channels develop their connected diseases.
OJAS – THE ESSENCE OF DHATUS :-
ओजस्तु तेजोधातूनां शुक्रान्तानां परं स्मृतम्
हृदयस्थमपि व्यापि देहस्थिति निबन्धनम्
स्निग्धं सोमात्मकं शुद्धं ईषत् लोहितपीतकम्
यन्नाशे नियतं नाशो यस्मिंस्तिष्ठति तिष्ठति
निष्पद्यन्ते यतो भावा विविधा देहसंश्रयाः
· ojas is the essence of the dhatus;
· it is mainly located in the heart.
· it is present all over the body and regulates health.
QUALITIES –
1. snigdha – unctuous, oily
2. somatmaka – watery
3. shuddha – clear (transparent),
4. ishat lohita peetakam – slight reddish yellow in colour;
5. loss of ojus leads to loss of life.
all aspects of health are related to ojas.
CAUSE FOR DECREASE OF OJAS
ओजः क्षीयेत कोप क्षुत्ध्यानशोक श्रमादिभिः
विभोति दुर्बलो अभीक्ष्णं ध्यायति व्यथितेन्द्रियः
दुःच्छायो दुर्मना रूक्षो भवेत्क्षामश्च तत्क्षये
जीवनीयौषधक्षीररसाद्यास्तत्र भेषजम्
ojas undergoes decrease in quantity by
a. anger,
b. hunger (starvation),
c. worry,
d. grief,
e. exertion etc.,
SYMPTOMS OF OJAS DECREASE –
The person becomes
· fretful,
· debilitated,
· repeatedly worries without any reason,
· feels discomfort in sense organs,
· develops bad complexion,
· negative thoughts and
· dryness;
Treatment –
1. use of drugs of jivaniya group (enlivening) (mentioned in chapter 15)
2. milk,
3. meat juice etc.
notes :- many more causes of decrease of ojas have been mentioned in other texts of Ayurveda,
they are
1. ativyayama - too much exercise
2. anashana – fasting for long periods of time
3. alpasana - eating less quantities of food
4. rooksapana (intake of alcoholic beverages which cause dryness),
5. pramitasana (intake of mixture of good and bad foods),
6. bhaya (fear),
7. prajagara (waking up at night),
8. abhighata (injury),
9. abhishanga (assault by evil spirits; micro organisms like bacteria, virus etc.),
10. dhatukshaya (depletion of tissues such as by haemorrhage etc.),
11.ativisarga (too much of elimination) of kapha, sonita (blood), sukra (semen) and mala (waste products);
12. visha (ingestion of poison)
INCREASE OF OJAS
ओजोवृद्धौ हि देहस्य तुष्टिपुष्टिबलोदयः
makes for
1. contentment,
2. nourishment of the body and
3. increase of strength.
यदन्नं द्वेष्टि यदपि प्रार्थयेताविरोधि तु
तत्त्येजन् समश्नंश्च तौ तौ वृद्धिक्षयौ जयेत्
· The increase of doshas should be controlled by avoidance of foods which are disliked.
· The decrease of doshas should be managed by foods indulgence of food that are desired.
कुर्वते हि रुचिं दोषा विपरीतसमानयोः
वृद्धाः क्षीणाश्च भूयिष्ठं लक्षयन्त्यबुधास्तु न
· the doshas which have undergone increase and decrease generally produce desire for foods which are dissimilar and similar (in properties to those of the doshas) respectively;
· but the unintelligent person do not recognize them.
यथाबलं यथास्वं च दोषा वृद्धा वितन्वते
रूपाणि, जहाति क्षीणाः, समाः स्वं कर्म कुर्वते
· the doshas, when increased produce their respective features (signs and symptoms) depending upon their strength;
· when decreased they do not produce signs and symptoms and when normal,
· they attend to their normal functions.
य एव देहस्य समा विवृद्धये त पव दोषा विषमा वधाय
यस्मादतस्ते हितचर्ययैव क्षयाद्विवृद्धेरिव रक्षणीयाः
· The very same doshas, which when normal, are the causes for growth of the body, become the causes for its destruction when abnormal.
· Hence by adopting suitable measures, the body should be protected from their decrease and increase
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